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Parameswara (king)
Parameswara (1344 – c. 1414) was the last king of Singapura. He who ruled from 1389 to 1398. The king fled the island kingdom after a Majapahit naval invasion in 1398 and founded his new stronghold on the mouth of Bertam river in 1402. Within decades, the new city grew rapidly to become the capital of the Malacca Sultanate.
==Etymology==
The name Parameswara is derived from the Sanskrit word, a Hindu concept literally meaning the "mighty Lord". The word "parama" meaning "the supreme" is added to Ishvara to intensify the title of God. ''Parameśvara'' is also one of the names of Lord Shiva.
There is basically only one record which give in some detail on the kingdoms of Singapura and Malacca - the ''Malay Annals'' written during the heyday of Malacca and re-compiled in 1612 by the Johor court. It is the basis for accounts of its founding, the succession of its rulers and its eventual decline. Another important record, the ''Suma Oriental'' written shortly after the Portuguese conquest of Malacca. Both ''Suma Oriental'' and ''Malay Annals'' do contain similar stories about a fleeing Srivijayan prince arriving in Singapura and about the last king of Singapura who fled to the west coast of Malay peninsula to found Malacca. However, both accounts differ markedly when ''Suma Oriental'' identified the fleeing prince and the last king of Singapura as the same person known as "Parameswara". On the other hand, the more detailed ''Malay Annals'' identified the fleeing prince and the last king as completely two different persons separated by five generations. ''Suma Oriental'' noted further that the fleeing Srivijayan prince usurped the throne of Singapura from a Siamese viceroy named "Temagi" sometimes around the 1390s. However, this is refuted by the only Chinese first-hand account of 14th century Singapura, ''Dao Yi Zhi Lue'' written by Wang Dayuan, that explicitly mentioned that Singapura was ruled by a local government.
The Ming Chronicle (''Ming Shilu'') recorded that the consort of Parameswara known as Bā-ér-mí-sū-lǐ (八兒迷蘇里) ('Parameswari') attended a banquet together with the king Bai-li-mi-su-la ('Parameswara') in the Ming court. It is more likely that 'Parameswari' ("Supreme Lordess") referred to a title rather than a given name, which is in fact still in use today in the form of "Permaisuri" ('Queen') in Malay language. Therefore, the name ''Parameswara'' is also believed to be a small part of a longer regnal title which was something common among Malay royals until the present day. Apart from Parameswara the founder of Malacca, there were two other rulers from the same lineage that use ''Parameswara'' in their regnal title, they are Sang Nila Utama, the founder of ancient Singapura (titled "Sri Maharaja Sang Utama Parameswara Batara Sri Tri Buana") and Abu Syahid Shah, the fourth Sultan of Malacca (titled "Raja Sri Parameswara Dewa Shah").
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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